![]() Guan Zhong (720–645 BC), an early chancellor in China, held that the qualities of major rivers shaped the character of surrounding peoples. A history of thought Classical and medieval periods Įarly theories of environmental determinism in Ancient China, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome suggested that environmental features completely determined the physical and intellectual qualities of whole societies. Many scholars underscore that this original approach was used to encourage colonialism and eurocentrism, and devalued human agency in non- Western societies, whereas modern figures like Diamond have instead used the approach as an explanation that rejects racism. This "neo-environmental determinism" school of thought examines how geographic and ecological forces influence state-building, economic development, and institutions. ![]() Jared Diamond, Jeffrey Herbst, Ian Morris, and other social scientists sparked a revival of the theory during the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. ![]() Environmental determinism (also known as climatic determinism or geographical determinism) is the study of how the physical environment predisposes societies and states towards particular development trajectories. ![]()
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